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Term Pteridophyta was proposed by Hackel. The study of pteridophytes is known as pteridology. Pteridophytes are known as reptiles of the plant kingdom. They are also called as vascular cryptogams. They are vascular plants, i.e. xylem and phloem are present in it. In pteridophytes, vessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are absent. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Pteridophytes are more adapted terrestrial plants as compared to bryophytes. Because vascular tissue is present in them and they have roots. Pteridophytes are not completely successful terrestrial plants because they need water for fertilization, so pteridophytes grow in cool, shady and moist places. In pteridophytes, the plant body is completely differentiated into root, stem and leaves. The primary root of pteridophytes remains alive for a short period. After some time it is replaced by adventitious roots. The stem is erect or prostrate...

The term Bryophyta was proposed by Robert Braun. The study of Bryophyta is known as Bryology. Father of Bryology is considered to be Hedwig but according to some scientists, it is believed that Cavers is the father of Bryology. Father of Indian Bryology is Professor Shiv Ram Kashyap. Bryophytes are the first land plant. It is believed that they originated from aquatic plants and they come on land through water because some bryophytes have characters similar to aquatic plants. They are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for fertilization. Bryophytes are not considered as the successful land plants because vascular tissue is absent and they need water for fertilization. Due to absence of vascular tissue brayophytes can not grow very tall. The process of water conduction in bryophytes takes place with the help of parenchyma. Roots are absent in bryophytes. Stem like and leaf like structure of bryophytes are function...

Algae term was given by Linnaeus. The study of algae is called Phycology and the father of phycology is Fristch. He wrote a book Structure and reproduction of algae. The father of Indian phycology is M.O.P. Iyengar. Algae are multicellular eukaryotic organisms placed in the kingdom Plantae. They are autotrophic i.e. they manufacture their food by photosynthesis. They are found in both fresh and marine water and in many forms like filamentous, colonial. Algae are surrounded by mucilagenous sheath and below the sheath cell wall is present which is made up of cellulose and pectin but mainly made up of cellulose, galactans, mannans and mineral-like calcium carbonate. On the basis of structure, they are thalloid i.e. plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves. The tissue system is also absent in algae. On the basis of nutrition, they are photoautotrophic.They have chloroplast in which photosynthetic pigments are present. classification of algae is mainly based on pigments...

Fungi name was given by Gaspard Bauhin and the study of fungi is called mycology. Fungi show great diversity in morphology and habitat. They are cosmopolitan they found mostly in humus reach soil. but in the presence of moisture, these can grow on leather, wood, pickle, and bread. Some fungi live parasitically in plants, animals and human body. Chloroplast is absent in fungi, so fungi are heterotrophs. The fungi constitute the unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms.Fungi obtained their own food from dead organic matter or living organisms. On the basis of  source of food fungi are of two types : Saprophytic: These fungi obtained their own food from dead organic matter such as bread, rottening fruit, vegetable, and dung. In these fungi nutrition is absorptive type. Parasitic: These obtain their own food from living organisms such as plants, animals, and humans.They obtain nutrition with the help of haustoria. Some fungi are found symbiotically associated with ...

All the organisms included in Protista are unicellular (acellular) eukaryotes. Members of Protista are primarily aquatic. This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with plants, animals, and fungi. Boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined. Living organism included in Protista are as follow : (1) Dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta) : Dinoflagellates are mainly marine. They are found on the surface of the water. They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the main pigment present in their cells. The pigment present in them is chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'c' and xanthophylls (Dinoxanthin and Didinoxanthin). In dinoflagellates, nutrition is mainly holophytic (Plant-like nutrition/photosynthesis). They have starch as stored food. Their cell wall is divided into plates, which are made up of cellulose. Therefore the covering of dinoflagellates is seen as armoured so they are called as armoured algae . They have two flagella, one lies lon...

In previous decades there are many scientists came who gave different - different classification of organisms. Some of them are discussed here. (1) Aristotle :  Aristotle was the father of biology and father of zoology. He was the Greek political philosophers. He classified plants on the basis of morphological character (growth habit) in three groups : Trees Shrubs Herbs (2) Theophrastus (371 - 287 B.C.) :  He is known as father of ancient plant taxonomy and father of botany. He was also the Greek political philosophers. Theophrastus wrote book on plants named Historia plantarum . He also proposed the term Annual, Biennial and Perennial. He gave the artificial classification of plants. He classified plant kingdom in to four groups on the basis of growth habit : Trees Shrubs Under shrubs Herbs (3) Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) :  His real name was Carl Von Linne . On the basis of work in Latin language, he changed his name to Carolus ...

Taxonomy consist of two words "Taxis" means arrangement and "nomos" means law and together we will called it law of arrangement or classification. The word taxonomy was proposed by A.P.de. Candolle in his book "Theories elementaire de la botanique" (Theory of elementary botany). Taxonomy includes study of following points : Identification : A process by which an organism is recognised  from the other already known organisms and is assigned to a particular taxonomic group is called identification. Nomenclature : Naming of organisms according to international scientific rules is called nomenclature. Classification : A process by which any organism is grouped into convenient categories on the basis of some easily observable characters. In modern taxonomical studies, taxonomists use external and internal structure structure, along with the structure of cell, development process and ecological information of organisms. The number of species tha...